nEERAJ nATHANI Trade Promotion Management (TPM)

Trade Promotion Management (TPM)

Trade Promotion Management typically refers to one or more software applications that assist companies in managing their complex trade promotion activity. Trade Promotion Management is a challenge faced by most CPG/FMCG companies around the globe. Consumer goods companies spend substantial amounts of time and money—14 percent of revenue, according to an AMR Research study—on promotions with retailers designed to boost revenue or increase/protect market share (or both).^[1] Key Account Managers and Category/Brand Managers are responsible for developing and implementing a promotional program that delivers the maximum return on investment and manages the trade off between incremental volume and maintenance of a reasonable level of trade spend.^[2]

Gartner

Gartner believes that technologies related to managing trade promotions have never been more relevant, as the average revenue expended by manufacturers for promotions now exceeds 20%. More and more companies are leaving spreadsheets for automated technologies, while others are adding promotion optimization capabilities

Key functions

• sales forecasting
• Promotion planning and budgeting
• Predictive modeling/optimization
• Promotion execution and monitoring
• Settlement
• Post event analysis

Business problems addressed

Historically, there have been many solutions to trade promotion management. Commonly, companies use their accounting systems or spreadsheets, but as the complexity of trade increases software solutions have been developed and implemented to fill the needs of companies in various industries including consumer goods, food manufacturing, food service and others.

 Lack of accurate and timely information to support trade promotion decision-making

Trade promotion decisions are often rushed and based on sub-par data. While sales and marketing managers are surrounded by promotion information, questions on retail commitment and product forecast accuracy can hinder the process. Multiple data sources and conflicting needs from various departments further complicate the issue.

Inability to plan promotions based on analytics

Historical trade promotion data should be analyzed in order to continually improve trade promotions. If a company does not utilize processes and systems that measure trade promotion performance, future trade promotion executions could be less effective than if they’d been planned using past analytical information.

Ineffective organization and partner integration

Lack of integration both internally and with external partners can hinder trade promotion success. Key elements of organizational integration include standardized metrics, regular information sharing, cross-functional department collaboration, and collaborative processes4. Integration with retail partners is important to executing promotions successfully, as well as maintain strong relationships with retailers over time.

Lack of appropriate Key Performance Indicators (KPI)

KPIs tell manufacturers and retailers how trade promotions performed relative to their pre-determined objectives. A lack of understanding on what trade promotion data to measure and how to measure performance can hinder the overall process. Manufacturers and retailers will not know what made a promotion effective or ineffective unless they have predetermined data points to measure and analyze.

Lack of control and the ability to accurately monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of Trade Promotions is the key area of concern. Many companies still utilise vast arrays of fragmented spreadsheet style reports to manage their TPM activities.

The complexities of the typical Trade Promotion Management process can be appreciated in this diagram which is based on just one individual retailer account.

Not all promotions are created equal and there are many ways of looking at a promotion and evaluating the effective and efficient use of trade funds. The characteristics of your product portfolio eg beer, toilet paper, toothpaste and yoghurt will impact on the performance of your trade promotion even if the same promotional strategy is used.

For example: with the same size and display location, toilet tissue wipes up the competition with an 82% display driven lift, with yoghurt a distant second at 28%, beer at 15% and toothbrushes at 14%.

(Source: Nielsenwire “Six Trade Promotion Tips: Why Less Can be More”)

Why Promote?

Promotions are undertaken with the intention of driving an increase in consumer sales. This may be instigated as the Brand Manager has a target/KPI to achieve and the promotion is designed to close the gap between the baseline sales and the target. Generally the manufacturer will sell their products to retailers at a discount to help fund the promotion. This discounting is of no benefit if there are no additional sales as a result of the promotion.

Promax delivers key information that helps Brand Managers answer questions, such as:

• What to promote?
• How often to promote?
• Timing – when to promote?
• Duration – how long to promote?
• Promotional level – how much should I offer?
• Product selection – which bundle of products to select?
• Are the trade deals aligned with the Brand positioning?
• What is the level of sales lift during the promotional period?
• Has the promotion created a long-term impact on base-line consumer sales?
• What happens if I change the frequency of my promotions?
• Do my promotions clash amongst various retailers?
• Are specific promotions cannibalising sales of other products in my portfolio and/or competitor products?
• What is the optimum scenario in terms of volume and profitability?
• What impact do these promotions have on customer profitability?
• How do I communicate and implement these promotions via the salesforce?

There are a number of good reasons why one might choose a simple price promotion:

• Offensive sales gain – to offset competitive threats. Typically this may mean a situation where the supplier is prepared to forego short term profits.
• Recover market share – sustaining a nominated loss of contribution to gain a position over competitors
• Stimulate Sales – without a loss of contribution and hopefully an increase in overall profitability. This is probably the most common rationale for promotions. Implicit in this is that the company will increase sales revenue and thus the total profit from the promotion will be greater than if there were no promotion at all.
• Reward – for existing brand loyal users. This may be a short-term loss of profitability and may even make money if a lot of brand loyal consumers stock up.
• Switch – However, if there are a large number of promotions targeted at “deal loyal” users then they will switch brand frequently. When promoting to this group the best course of action is to make sure that the promotion is profitable as there may be no long-term future gains to be had.
• Gets new users to Trial – for new products every new trial is valuable; this incentive is premised on the assumption that the long-term value of a new user may be worth many times the cost of the initial purchase, so the supplier is prepared to invest heavily to obtain a new consumer. This may justify the high cost of a promotion. Trade promotions of new items often need to be supported by other vehicles such as demonstrations and media advertising.
• Reward to Trade. This often happens to get a buyer off your back. If however, it is viewed as being good for both parties, there should be a profit opportunity.
• Because the trade threatens deletion – in many instances buyers have co-op budgets to achieve. There is pressure on suppliers to maintain ranging and promotion of your products in the category ensures support for your brand.

Each of these scenarios has different parameters of cost, price point, mechanic, vehicle and incremental volume gain. In reality the sales team gets a certain amount of money to spend on promotions, some say that these funds are a “cost of doing business”. The more money that is provided the more we will sell. If only this were true! We really need to understand how we can effectively apply the limited trade funds to maximise their efficiency.

Source: Wikipedia.

Neeraj Nathani smart bridge Category management

Category management

Category management is a retailing and purchasing concept in which the range of products purchased by a business organization or sold by a retailer is broken down into discrete groups of similar or related products; these groups are known as product categories (examples of grocery categories might be: tinned fish, washing detergent, toothpastes). It is a systematic, disciplined approach to managing a product category as a strategic business unit.^[1] The phrase "category management" was coined by Brian F. Harris.^{[n/a 1]}

Category management in a retail context

Each category is run as a "mini business" (business unit) in its own right, with its own set of turnover and/or profitability targets and strategies. Introduction of Category Management in a business tends to alter the relationship between retailer and supplier: instead of the traditional adversarial relationship, the relationship moves to one of collaboration, with exchange of information, sharing of data and joint business building.

The focus of all supplier negotiations is the effect on turnover of the category as whole, not just the sales of individual products. Suppliers are expected, indeed in many cases mandated, to only suggest new product introductions, a new planogram or promotional activity if it is expected to have a beneficial effect on the turnover or profit of the total category and be beneficial to the shoppers of that category.

The concept originated in grocery (mass merchandising) retailing, and has since expanded to other retail sectors such as DIY, cash and carry, pharmacy, and book retailing.^[2]

Definition of category management (retail)

Category management lacks a single definition thus leading to some ambiguity even among industry professionals as to its exact function. Three comparative mainstream definitions are as follows:
Category management is a process that involves managing product categories as business units and customizing them [on a store by store basis] to satisfy customer needs. (Nielsen)^[3]
The strategic management of product groups through trade partnerships which aims to maximize sales and profit by satisfying consumer and shopper needs (Institute of Grocery Distribution)^[4]
.. marketing strategy in which a full line of products (instead of the individual products or brands) is managed as a strategic business unit (SBU). (Business Dictionary)^[5]
The Nielsen definition, published in 1992, was a little ahead of its time in that customising product offerings on a store by store basis is logistically difficult and is now not considered a necessary part of category management; it is a concept now referred to as micromarketing. Nevertheless, most grocery retailers will segment stores at least by size, and select product assortments accordingly. Wal*Mart's Store of the Community, implemented in North America is one of the few examples of where product offerings are tailored right down to the specific store.^[6]

Definition of a category

The Nielsen definition of a category, used as the basic definition across the industry is that the products should meet a similar consumer need, or that the products should be inter-related or substitutable.^[8] The Nielsen definition also includes a provision that products placed together in the same category should be logistically manageable in store (for example there may be issues in having room-temperature and chilled products together in the same category even though the initial two conditions are met).

However, this definition does not explain how the process often works in practical retailing situations, where demographic or marketing considerations take precedence.

The category management 8-step process (retail)

The category management 8-step process

The industry standard model for category management in retail is the 8-step process, or 8-step cycle developed by the Partnering Group.^[9] The eight steps are shown in the diagram on the right; they are :

1. Define the category (i.e. what products are included/excluded).
2. Define the role of the category within the retailer.
3. Assess the current performance.
4. Set objectives and targets for the category.
5. Devise an overall Strategy.
6. Devise specific tactics.
7. Implementation.
8. The eighth step is one of review which takes us back to step 1.

The 8-step process, whilst being very comprehensive and thorough has been criticized for being rather too unwieldy and time-consuming in today's fast-moving sales environment; in one survey only 9% of supplier companies stated they used the full 8-step process.^[10] The current industry trend is for supplier companies to use the standard process as a basis to develop their own more streamlined processes, tailored to their own particular products^[11]

Market research company Nielsen has a similar process based on only 5 steps : reviewing the category, targeting consumers, planning merchandising, implementing strategy, evaluating results

Category captains

It is commonplace for one particular supplier into a category to be nominated by the retailer as a category captain. The category captain will be expected to have the closest and most regular contact with the retailer and will also be expected to invest time, effort, and often financial investment into the strategic development of the category within the retailer.
In return, the supplier will gain a more influential voice with the retailer. The category captain is often the supplier with the largest turnover in the category. Traditionally the job of category captain is given to a brand supplier, but in recent times the role has also gone to particularly switched-on private label suppliers.^[12]
In order to do the job effectively, the supplier may be granted access to a greater wealth of data-sharing, e.g. more access to an internal sales database such as Walmart's Retail Link

Category management in purchasing

Category management can also be applied to purchasing within an organisation. Although the term is the same and there are many similarities with elements of retail category management including the use of similar tools and techniques applied in reverse, the methodology is fundamentally different. Applying Category Management in purchasing benefits organisations by providing an approach to reduce the cost of buying goods and services, reduce risk in the supply chain, increase overall value from the supply base and gain access to more innovation from suppliers. It is a strategic approach that focuses on the vast majority of organisational spend. If applied effectively throughout an entire organisation the results can be significantly greater than traditional transactional based purchasing negotiations.

The concept of Category Management in purchasing originated in the late 80's. There is no single founder or originator but the methodology first appeared in the automotive sector and has since been developed and adopted by organisations worldwide. Today Category Management is considered by many global companies as an essential strategic purchasing approach. Category Management has been defined as “an evolving methodology that drives sourcing strategy in progressive organisations today”.^[15]

The Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply defines Category Management as:

"organising the resources of the procurement team in such a way as to focus externally onto the supply markets of an organisation (as against having a focus on the internal customers or on internal Procurement departmental functions) in order to fully leverage purchasing decisions”.^[16]

Jonathan O'Brien, author of Category Management in Purchasing, defines Category Management as:

"the practice of segmenting the main areas of organisational spend on bought-in goods and services into discrete groups of products and services according to the function of those goods or services and, most importantly, to mirror how individual marketplaces are organised. Using this segmentation organisations work cross functionally on individual categories, examining the entire category spend, how the organisation uses the products or services within the category, the marketplace and individual suppliers.",^[17]

Peter Hunt, partner at ADR International, writes

“the term category management can mean different things to different people, so a working definition is needed. A ‘category’ is the logical grouping of similar expenditure items, such as spend on advertising agency services or IT hardware. Category management is the sourcing process used to manage these categories to satisfy business needs while maximising the value delivered from the supply base”.^[18]

Many public sector organisations have recently adopted category management as a strategic transformation tool. Sir Philip Green, in his “Efficiency Review” of UK government spending, recommended that “centralised procurement [should be] mandated for common categories to leverage this buying power and achieve best practice”.^[19]

Source: Wikipedia.

Neeraj Nathani Smart Bridge Trading Solutions Category management

Category management

Category management is a retailing and purchasing concept in which the range of products purchased by a business organization or sold by a retailer is broken down into discrete groups of similar or related products; these groups are known as product categories (examples of grocery categories might be: tinned fish, washing detergent, toothpastes). It is a systematic, disciplined approach to managing a product category as a strategic business unit.^[1] The phrase "category management" was coined by Brian F. Harris.^{[n/a 1]}

Category management in a retail context

Each category is run as a "mini business" (business unit) in its own right, with its own set of turnover and/or profitability targets and strategies. Introduction of Category Management in a business tends to alter the relationship between retailer and supplier: instead of the traditional adversarial relationship, the relationship moves to one of collaboration, with exchange of information, sharing of data and joint business building.

The focus of all supplier negotiations is the effect on turnover of the category as whole, not just the sales of individual products. Suppliers are expected, indeed in many cases mandated, to only suggest new product introductions, a new planogram or promotional activity if it is expected to have a beneficial effect on the turnover or profit of the total category and be beneficial to the shoppers of that category.

The concept originated in grocery (mass merchandising) retailing, and has since expanded to other retail sectors such as DIY, cash and carry, pharmacy, and book retailing.^[2]

Definition of category management (retail)

Category management lacks a single definition thus leading to some ambiguity even among industry professionals as to its exact function. Three comparative mainstream definitions are as follows:
Category management is a process that involves managing product categories as business units and customizing them [on a store by store basis] to satisfy customer needs. (Nielsen)^[3]
The strategic management of product groups through trade partnerships which aims to maximize sales and profit by satisfying consumer and shopper needs (Institute of Grocery Distribution)^[4]
.. marketing strategy in which a full line of products (instead of the individual products or brands) is managed as a strategic business unit (SBU). (Business Dictionary)^[5]
The Nielsen definition, published in 1992, was a little ahead of its time in that customising product offerings on a store by store basis is logistically difficult and is now not considered a necessary part of category management; it is a concept now referred to as micromarketing. Nevertheless, most grocery retailers will segment stores at least by size, and select product assortments accordingly. Wal*Mart's Store of the Community, implemented in North America is one of the few examples of where product offerings are tailored right down to the specific store.^[6]

Definition of a category

The Nielsen definition of a category, used as the basic definition across the industry is that the products should meet a similar consumer need, or that the products should be inter-related or substitutable.^[8] The Nielsen definition also includes a provision that products placed together in the same category should be logistically manageable in store (for example there may be issues in having room-temperature and chilled products together in the same category even though the initial two conditions are met).

However, this definition does not explain how the process often works in practical retailing situations, where demographic or marketing considerations take precedence.

The category management 8-step process (retail)

The category management 8-step process

The industry standard model for category management in retail is the 8-step process, or 8-step cycle developed by the Partnering Group.^[9] The eight steps are shown in the diagram on the right; they are :

1. Define the category (i.e. what products are included/excluded).
2. Define the role of the category within the retailer.
3. Assess the current performance.
4. Set objectives and targets for the category.
5. Devise an overall Strategy.
6. Devise specific tactics.
7. Implementation.
8. The eighth step is one of review which takes us back to step 1.

The 8-step process, whilst being very comprehensive and thorough has been criticized for being rather too unwieldy and time-consuming in today's fast-moving sales environment; in one survey only 9% of supplier companies stated they used the full 8-step process.^[10] The current industry trend is for supplier companies to use the standard process as a basis to develop their own more streamlined processes, tailored to their own particular products^[11]

Market research company Nielsen has a similar process based on only 5 steps : reviewing the category, targeting consumers, planning merchandising, implementing strategy, evaluating results

Category captains

It is commonplace for one particular supplier into a category to be nominated by the retailer as a category captain. The category captain will be expected to have the closest and most regular contact with the retailer and will also be expected to invest time, effort, and often financial investment into the strategic development of the category within the retailer.
In return, the supplier will gain a more influential voice with the retailer. The category captain is often the supplier with the largest turnover in the category. Traditionally the job of category captain is given to a brand supplier, but in recent times the role has also gone to particularly switched-on private label suppliers.^[12]
In order to do the job effectively, the supplier may be granted access to a greater wealth of data-sharing, e.g. more access to an internal sales database such as Walmart's Retail Link

Category management in purchasing

Category management can also be applied to purchasing within an organisation. Although the term is the same and there are many similarities with elements of retail category management including the use of similar tools and techniques applied in reverse, the methodology is fundamentally different. Applying Category Management in purchasing benefits organisations by providing an approach to reduce the cost of buying goods and services, reduce risk in the supply chain, increase overall value from the supply base and gain access to more innovation from suppliers. It is a strategic approach that focuses on the vast majority of organisational spend. If applied effectively throughout an entire organisation the results can be significantly greater than traditional transactional based purchasing negotiations.

The concept of Category Management in purchasing originated in the late 80's. There is no single founder or originator but the methodology first appeared in the automotive sector and has since been developed and adopted by organisations worldwide. Today Category Management is considered by many global companies as an essential strategic purchasing approach. Category Management has been defined as “an evolving methodology that drives sourcing strategy in progressive organisations today”.^[15]

The Chartered Institute of Purchasing & Supply defines Category Management as:

"organising the resources of the procurement team in such a way as to focus externally onto the supply markets of an organisation (as against having a focus on the internal customers or on internal Procurement departmental functions) in order to fully leverage purchasing decisions”.^[16]

Jonathan O'Brien, author of Category Management in Purchasing, defines Category Management as:

"the practice of segmenting the main areas of organisational spend on bought-in goods and services into discrete groups of products and services according to the function of those goods or services and, most importantly, to mirror how individual marketplaces are organised. Using this segmentation organisations work cross functionally on individual categories, examining the entire category spend, how the organisation uses the products or services within the category, the marketplace and individual suppliers.",^[17]

Peter Hunt, partner at ADR International, writes

“the term category management can mean different things to different people, so a working definition is needed. A ‘category’ is the logical grouping of similar expenditure items, such as spend on advertising agency services or IT hardware. Category management is the sourcing process used to manage these categories to satisfy business needs while maximising the value delivered from the supply base”.^[18]

Many public sector organisations have recently adopted category management as a strategic transformation tool. Sir Philip Green, in his “Efficiency Review” of UK government spending, recommended that “centralised procurement [should be] mandated for common categories to leverage this buying power and achieve best practice”.^[19]

Source: Wikipedia.